The number of devices you can talk to is multiplying—first it was your phone, then your car, and now you can tell your kitchen appliance what to do. But even without gadgets that understand our spoken commands, research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain (26)_______, people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.
Sometimes we see things as human because we are (27)_______. In one experiment, people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute (28)_______ to various gadgets. In turn, feeling close to objects can (29)_______ loneliness. When college students were reminded of a time they had been (30)_______ in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—unless they were first given tasks that caused them to interact with their phone as if it had human qualities. The phone (31)_______ stood in for real friends.
At other times, we personify products in an effort to understand them. One study found that three in four respondents yelled at their computer. Further, the more their computer gave them problems, the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own "beliefs and (32)_______".
So how do people assign traits to an object? In part, we rely on looks. On humans, wide faces are (33)_______ with dominance. Similarly, people rated cars, clocks and watches with wide faces as more dominant-looking than narrow-faced ones, and preferred them especially in (34)_______ situations. An analysis of car sales in Germany found that cars with grilles (格栅) that were upturned like smiles sold best. The purchasers saw this (35)_______ as increasing a car's friendliness.
第 27 题（选词填空）：research suggests that, as bizarre as it sounds, under certain (26)_______, people regularly ascribe human traits to everyday objects.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：E
第 28 题（选词填空）：Sometimes we see things as human because we are (27)_______.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：L
第 29 题（选词填空）：people who reported feeling isolated were more likely than others to attribute (28)_______ to various gadgets.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：H
第 30 题（选词填空）：In turn, feeling close to objects can (29)_______ loneliness.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：A
第 31 题（选词填空）：When college students were reminded of a time they had been (30)_______ in a social setting, they compensated by exaggerating their number of friends—
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：J
第 32 题（选词填空）：The phone (31)_______ stood in for real friends.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：B
第 33 题（选词填空）：the more likely the respondents were to report that it had its own "beliefs and (32)_______".
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：I
第 34 题（选词填空）：On humans, wide faces are (33)_______ with dominance.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：D
第 35 题（选词填空）：and preferred them especially in (34)_______ situations.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：F
第 36 题（选词填空）：The purchasers saw this (35)_______ as increasing a car's friendliness.
- A. alleviate
- B. apparently
- C. arrogant
- D. associated
- E. circumstances
- F. competitive
- G. conceded
- H. consciousness
- I. desires
- J. excluded
- K. feature
- L. lonely
- M. separate
- N. spectacularly
- O. warrant
答案：K
Section B
Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.
How Much Protein Do You Really Need?
[A] The marketing is enticing: Get stronger muscles and healthier bodies with minimal effort by adding protein powder to your morning shake or juice drink. Or grab a protein bar at lunch or for a quick snack. Today, you can find protein supplements everywhere—online, at the pharmacy grocery store, or health food store. They come in powders, pills, and bars. With more than $12 billion in sales this year, the industry is booming and, according to the market research company, Grand View Research, is on track to sell billions more by 2025. But do we really need all this supplemental protein? It depends. There are pros, cons and some ho-hums to consider.
[B] For starters, protein is critical for every cell in our body. It helps build nails, hair, bones, and muscles. It can also help you feel fuller longer than eating foods without protein. And, unlike nutrients that are found only in a few foods, protein is pretty much ubiquitous. "The typical American diet is a lot higher in protein than a lot of us think," says registered dietitian Angela Pipitone with Johns Hopkins McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine. She says it's in foods many of us expect, such as beef, chicken, and other types of meat and dairy. But it's also in foods that may not come immediately to mind like vegetables, fruit, beans and grains.
[C] The U.S. government's recommended daily allowance (RDA) for the average adult is 50 to 60 grams of protein a day. This may sound like a lot, but Pipitone says: "We get bits of protein here and there and that really adds up throughout the day." Take, for example, breakfast. If you ate two eggs topped with a little bit of cheese and an orange on the side, you already have 22 grams of protein. Each egg gives you 7 grams; the cheese gives you around 6 grams and the orange about 2 grams. Add a lunch of chicken, rice, and broccoli, and you are already over the recommended 50 grams. "You can get enough protein and meet the RDA before you even get to dinner," says Pipitone.
[D] So if it's so easy to get your protein in food, why add more in the form of powders, snack bars or a boost at your local juice bar? No need to, says Pipitone, because, in fact, most of us already get enough protein in our diet. "Whole foods are always the best option rather than adding supplements," she says, noting the FDA does not regulate supplements as stringently as foods or drugs, so there could be less protein, more sugar, and some additives you wouldn't expect, such as caffeine and even steroids.
[E] If you are considering a supplement, read the list of ingredients, she says, although this is not always foolproof. "I've seen very expensive protein supplements that claim to be high quality but they might not really be beneficial for the average healthy adult," she says. "It could just be a waste of money."
[F] But there are certain situations that do warrant extra protein. "Anytime you're in an anabolic state or building muscle," Pipitone says, such as if you're an extreme endurance athlete, training for a marathon, or you're a body builder. If you're moderately exercising for 150 minutes a week, as the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommends, or less than that, you're probably not an extreme athlete. Extreme athletes expend lots of energy breaking down and repairing and building muscles. Protein can give them the edge they need to speed along that process.
[G] Vegans can benefit from protein supplements since they do not eat animal-based protein sources like meat, dairy, or eggs. And, for someone always on-the-go who may not have time for a meal, a protein snack bar can be a good option for occasional meal replacement. Also, individuals recovering from surgery or an injury can also benefit from extra protein. So, too, can older people. At around age 60, "muscles really start to break down," says Kathryn Starr, an aging researcher at Duke University School of Medicine, "and because of that, in addition to the fact that as we get older our body's ability to break down protein is reduced, the protein needs of an older adult actually increases."
[H] In fact, along with her colleague Connie Bales, Starr recently conducted a small study that found that adding extra protein foods to the diet of obese older individuals who were trying to lose weight strengthened their muscles. Participants in the study were separated into two groups—one group was asked to eat 30 grams of protein per meal in the form of whole foods. That meant they were eating 90 grams of protein a day. The other group—the control group—was put on a typical low-calorie diet with about 50 to 60 grams of protein a day.
[I] After six months, researchers found the high protein group had significantly improved their muscle function—almost twice as much as the control group. "They were able to walk faster, had improved balance, and were also able to get up out of a chair faster than the control group," Starr says. All 67 participants were over 60 years of age, and both groups lost about the same amount of weight. Starr is now looking into whether high-protein diets also improve the quality of the muscle itself in seniors. She's using CT scans to measure muscle size and fat, and comparing seniors on a high-protein diet to those on regular diets. She says her findings should be available in a couple of months.
[J] In the meantime, 70-year-old Corliss Keith, who was in the high protein group in Starr's latest study, says she feels a big difference. "I feel excellent," she says, "I feel like I have a different body, I have more energy, I'm stronger." She says she is able to take Zumba exercise classes three times a week, work out on the treadmill and take long, brisk walks. Keith also lost more than 15 pounds. "I'm a fashionable person, so now I'm back in my three-inch heels," she says.
[K] As people age, researcher Starr says muscle strength is key to helping them stay strong and continue living on their own in their own home. "I feel very much alive now," says Keith, "I feel like I could stay by myself until I'm 100."
[L] But can people overdo protein? Pipitone says you do have to be careful. Too much protein can cause nausea, cramps, headaches, fatigue, and bloating. Dehydration is also a risk when you eat too much protein. Pipitone says if you increase protein, you also have to increase your fluid intake. "I always tell people to make sure they're drinking enough fluids," which for the average person is 60 to 70 ounces a day, which translates into eight 8-ounce glasses of water or liquid per day.
[M] There have been some indications that extra protein makes the kidneys work harder which could be problematic for individuals with a history of kidney disease and for them, the supplements may increase the risk of kidney stones, she says.
[N] Bottom Line: if you think you need more protein in your diet, consider these questions: Are you an extreme athlete; are you recovering from injury or surgery; or are you 60 years or older? If so, adding high protein foods like eggs and meat products to your diet can be beneficial. And, if you're not sure, it is always a good idea to check with your primary care provider.
第 37 题：36. It is quite easy for one to take in the recommended amount of protein.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：C
第 38 题：37. Pipitone claims that healthy adults need not spend money on protein supplements.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：E
第 39 题：38. The protein supplement business is found to be thriving.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：A
第 40 题：39. Protein can speed the repairing of damaged muscles.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：F
第 41 题：40. Protein supplements may overburden some internal organ, thus leading to its malfunctioning.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：M
第 42 题：41. Older adults need to take in more protein to keep their muscles strong.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：G
第 43 题：42. Protein is found in more foods than people might realize.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：B
第 44 题：43. Additional protein was found to help strengthen the muscles of overweight seniors seeking weight loss.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：H
第 45 题：44. Pipitone believes that whole foods provide the best source of protein.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：D
第 46 题：45. People are advised to drink more liquid when they take in more protein.
- A. Paragraph A
- B. Paragraph B
- C. Paragraph C
- D. Paragraph D
- E. Paragraph E
- F. Paragraph F
- G. Paragraph G
- H. Paragraph H
- I. Paragraph I
- J. Paragraph J
- K. Paragraph K
- L. Paragraph L
- M. Paragraph M
- N. Paragraph N
答案：L
Section C
Directions: There are 2 passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A), B), C) and D). You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre.
Passage One
Questions 46 to 50 are based on the following passage.
Last year, a child was born at a hospital in the UK with her heart outside her body. Few babies survive this rare condition, and those who do must endure numerous operations and are likely to have complex needs. When her mother was interviewed, three weeks after her daughter's birth, she was asked if she was prepared for what might be a daunting (艰巨的) task caring for her. She answered without hesitation that, as far as she was concerned, this would be a "privilege".
Rarely has there been a better example of the power of attitude, one of our most powerful psychological tools. Our attitudes allow us to turn mistakes into opportunities, and loss into the chance for new beginnings. An attitude is a settled way of thinking, feeling and/or behaving towards particular objects, people, events or ideologies. We use our attitudes to filter, interpret and react to the world around us. You weren't born with attitudes; rather they are all learned, and this happens in a number of ways.
The most powerful influences occur during early childhood and include both what happened to you directly, and what those around you did and said in your presence. As you acquire a distinctive identity your attitudes are further refined by the behavior of those with whom you identify—your family, those of your gender and culture, and the people you admire, even though you may not know them personally. Friendships and other important relationships become increasingly important, particularly during adolescence. About that same time and throughout adulthood, the information you receive, especially when ideas are repeated in association with goals and achievements you find attractive, also refines your attitudes.
Many people assume that our attitudes are internally consistent, that is, the way you think and feel about someone or something predicts your behavior towards them. However, many studies have found that feelings and thoughts don't necessarily predict behavior. In general, your attitudes will be internally consistent only when the behavior is easy, and when those around you hold similar beliefs. That's why, for example, many say they believe in the benefits of recycling or exercise, but don't behave in line with their views, because it takes awareness, effort and courage to go beyond merely stating that you believe something is a good idea.
One of the most effective ways to change an attitude is to start behaving as if you already feel and think the way you'd prefer to. Take some time to reflect on your attitudes, to think about what you believe and why. Is there anything you consider a burden rather than a privilege? If so, start behaving—right now—as if the latter is the case.
第 47 题：46. What do we learn from the passage about attitude?
- A. It shapes our beliefs and ideologies.
- B. It improves our psychological wellbeing.
- C. It determines how we respond to our immediate environment.
- D. It changes the way we think, feel and interact with one another.
答案：C
第 48 题：47. What can contribute to the refinement of one's attitude, according to the passage?
- A. Their idols' behaviors.
- B. Their educational level.
- C. Their contact with the opposite gender.
- D. Their interaction with different cultures.
答案：A
第 49 题：48. What do many studies find about people's feelings and thoughts?
- A. They may not suggest how a person is going to behave.
- B. They are in a way consistent with a person's mentality.
- C. They may not find expression in interpersonal relations.
- D. They are in line with a person's behavior no matter what.
答案：A
第 50 题：49. How come many people don't do what they believe is good?
- A. They can't afford the time.
- B. They have no idea how to.
- C. They are hypocritical.
- D. They lack willpower.
答案：D
第 51 题：50. What is proposed as a strategy to change attitude?
- A. Changing things that require one's immediate attention.
- B. Starting to act in a way that embodies one's aspirations.
- C. Adjusting one's behavior gradually over a period of time.
- D. Considering ways of reducing one's psychological burdens.
答案：B
Passage Two
Questions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.
Industrial fishing for krill (磷虾) in the unspoilt waters around Antarctica is threatening the future of one of the world's last great wildernesses, according to a new report.
The study by Greenpeace analysed the movements of krill fishing vessels in the region and found they were increasingly operating "in the immediate vicinity of penguin colonies and whale-feeding grounds". It also highlights incidents of fishing boats being involved in groundings, oil spills and accidents, which posed a serious threat to the Antarctic ecosystem.
The report, published on Tuesday, comes amid growing concern about the impact of fishing and climate change on the Antarctic. A global campaign has been launched to create a network of ocean sanctuaries to protect the seas in the region and Greenpeace is calling for an immediate halt to fishing in areas being considered for sanctuary status.
Frida Bengtsson from Greenpeace's Protect the Antarctic campaign said: "If the krill industry wants to show it's a responsible player, then it should be voluntarily getting out of any area which is being proposed as an ocean sanctuary, and should instead be backing the protection of these huge tracts of the Antarctic."
A global campaign has been launched to turn a huge tract of Antarctic seas into ocean sanctuaries protecting wildlife and banning not just krill fishing, but all fishing. One was created in the Ross Sea in 2016, another reserve is being proposed in a vast area of the Weddell Sea, and a third sanctuary is under consideration in the area west of the Antarctic Peninsula—a key krill fishing area.
The Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) manages the seas around Antarctica. It will decide on the Weddell Sea sanctuary proposal at a conference in Australia in October, although a decision on the peninsula sanctuary is not expected until later.
Keith Reid, a science manager at CCAMLR, said that the organisation sought "a balance between protection, conservation and sustainable fishing in the Southern Ocean". He said although more fishing was taking place nearer penguin colonies it was often happening later in the season when these colonies were empty.
"The creation of a system of marine protected areas is a key part of ongoing scientific and policy discussions in CCAMLR," he added. "Our long-term operation in the region depends on a healthy and thriving Antarctic marine ecosystem, which is why we have always had an open dialogue with the environmental non-governmental organisations. We strongly intend to continue this dialogue, including talks with Greenpeace, to discuss improvements based on the latest scientific data. We are not the ones to decide on the establishment of marine protected areas, but we hope to contribute positively with our knowledge and experience."
第 52 题：51. What does Greenpeace's study find about krill fishing?
- A. It caused a great many penguins and whales to migrate.
- B. It was depriving penguins and whales of their habitats.
- C. It was carried out too close to the habitats of penguins and whales.
- D. It posed an unprecedented threat to the wildlife around Antarctica.
答案：C
第 53 题：52. For what purpose has a global campaign been launched?
- A. To reduce the impact of climate change on Antarctica.
- B. To establish conservation areas in the Antarctic region.
- C. To regulate krill fishing operations in the Antarctic seas.
- D. To publicise the concern about the impact of krill fishing.
答案：B
第 54 题：53. What is Greenpeace's recommendation to the krill industry?
- A. Opting to operate away from the suggested conservation areas.
- B. Volunteering to protect the endangered species in the Antarctic.
- C. Refraining from krill fishing throughout the breeding season.
- D. Showing its sense of responsibility by leading the global campaign.
答案：A
第 55 题：54. What did CCAMLR aim to do according to its science manager?
- A. Raise public awareness of the vulnerability of Antarctic species.
- B. Ban all commercial fishing operations in the Southern Ocean.
- C. Keep the penguin colonies from all fishing interference.
- D. Sustain fishing without damaging the Antarctic ecosystem.
答案：D
第 56 题：55. How does CCAMLR define its role in the conservation of the Antarctic environment?
- A. A coordinator in policy discussions.
- B. An authority on big data analysis.
- C. A provider of the needed expertise.
- D. An initiator of marine sanctuaries.
答案：C